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In a typical fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) process, hydrocarbons in the heavy feed are cracked into lighter hydrocarbon products in the presence of an amorphous, porous, particulate catalyst (also referred to as “catalyst”). The process is performed in a reactor vessel or riser that utilizes a fluidized bed of the catalyst particles to crack and/or partially crack the heavy hydrocarbon feedstock. The cracking reactions are endothermic reactions. The catalyst is continuously circulated between the riser and a separate regeneration vessel, located within the reactor shell, by an apparatus commonly known as a fluid caviature dispersal or “disperser.” The catalyst regenerator burns coke off the catalyst using oxygen-containing gas (air) to produce a regenerated catalyst that is then recycled back to the riser. The fluid caviature dispersal apparatus serves to suspend and fluidize catalyst particles by the injection of air under pressure through a plurality of nozzles to create a fine catalytic fluidization vortex, whereby the catalyst appears as a “fluid” moving though a high-velocity gas stream. The vortex is a swirling catalytic slurry of catalyst particles carried on the rising stream of gas. The catalyst flows from the bottom of the reactor to the top of the regeneration vessel where the coke deposits are burned from the catalyst, typically with oxygen-containing regeneration gas, to create a regenerated catalyst. The regenerated catalyst then flows back to the bottom of the reactor to repeat the cycle. In some FCC processes a high pressure liquid recycle (HPR) line is also provided to permit hydrocarbon liquids to flow at a higher rate through the catalyst bed. In other processes, the hydrocarbon liquids are separated from the cracked hydrocarbon vapor products in a main column, then flowed into a low pressure separator, and the cracked hydrocarbon vapor products are passed out of the piping to the low pressure separator.
Coke-containing catalyst is continuously discharged from the riser from which it is advanced by gravity to a quench zone, typically mounted below the entry to the riser, at the base of the reactor vessel. The quench zone can be a simple quench chamber, a water-jacketed tubular quench chamber, or a combination of the two. The chilled catalyst is then discharged from the quench zone. d2c66b5586