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The Romans used concrete extensively from 300 BC to 476 AD.[18] During the Roman Empire, Roman concrete (or opus caementicium) was made from quicklime, pozzolana and an aggregate of pumice. Its widespread use in many Roman structures, a key event in the history of architecture termed the Roman architectural revolution, freed Roman construction from the restrictions of stone and brick materials. It enabled revolutionary new designs in terms of both structural complexity and dimension.[19] The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the Pantheon has the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.[20]

The first use of Portland cement concrete in the United States was in the construction of the New York City Subway in 1904. The construction of the six-lane Third Avenue El (1909–1912) was the first major rail structure in the United States to be made of reinforced concrete. The Chicago Loop Terminal Building, designed by William Holabird & I.M. Pei, was the first major reinforced concrete building in the United States to be built. The Shoreham Hotel in Miami Beach, Florida, and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's station in Baltimore, Maryland, both built in 1927, are examples of the modern style of reinforced concrete buildings. The Baltimore & Ohio Station is the first reinforced concrete multistory building in the United States. The reinforced concrete was created using the wet method of concrete production that had been developed in Europe. The main improvement that it introduced was the use of steel reinforcing bars. Prior to the invention of the reinforcing bars, reinforced concrete had to be supported by the steel frameworks. The concrete was poured on a steel framework and was then allowed to dry. Once the concrete had dried, the steel framework was dismantled.

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